C++ chapter 3

🟩 Chapter 3: Control Statements (Decision Making & Looping)

---

🔹 1. What Are Control Statements?

They control the flow of execution of a program.

Types:

1. Decision-making statements
2. Looping statements
3. Jump statements

---

🔹 2. Decision-Making Statements

A. if Statement

if (marks > 33)
    cout << "Pass";

B. if–else

if (marks >= 33)
    cout << "Pass";
else
    cout << "Fail";

C. if–else if–else Ladder

if (marks >= 90)
    grade = 'A';
else if (marks >= 75)
    grade = 'B';
else
    grade = 'C';

D. Nested if

if (a > 0) {
    if (a % 2 == 0)
        cout << "Positive Even";
}

E. switch Statement

switch(choice) {
    case 1: cout << "Add"; break;
    case 2: cout << "Subtract"; break;
    default: cout << "Invalid";
}

---

🔹 3. Looping Statements

A. for Loop

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    cout << i << " ";
}

B. while Loop

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
    cout << i << " ";
    i++;
}

C. do–while Loop

int i = 1;
do {
    cout << i << " ";
    i++;
} while (i <= 5);

D. Nested Loop

for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
        cout << "* ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

---

🔹 4. Jump Statements

• break → exit from loop/switch
• continue → skip current iteration
• return → exit from function

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    if (i == 3) continue;
    cout << i << " ";
}

---