🏰 1. The Renaissance (14th–17th Century) 🔹 Meaning 🔹 Features 🔹 Important Personalities ⛪ 2. The Reformation (16th Century) 🔹 Meaning Religious reform movement that led to the rise of Protestantism and decline of Roman Catholic Church power. 🔹 Causes 🔹 Leaders 🔹 Results ⚓ 3. The Age of Exploration (15th–17th Century) 🔹 Causes 🔹 Major Explorers Explorer Country Achievement Vasco da Gama Portugal Reached India (Calicut, 1498). Christopher Columbus Spain […]
🏺 1. ANCIENT INDIA 🔹 Prehistoric Period Period Characteristics Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) Hunter-gatherers, used crude stone tools; no pottery/agriculture. Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) Microliths (tiny stone tools), semi-nomadic, first domestication of animals. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Agriculture begins, polished tools, pottery, permanent settlements. Chalcolithic Age Use of copper & stone; rural settlements; Ahar,
🔹 Definition Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole — dealing with aggregates like national income, employment, output, inflation, and growth. 🔹 Objectives 🔹 Major Concepts 1. National Income Accounting 2. Circular Flow of Income Shows the flow of income and expenditure between households and firms through product and factor markets. 3. Aggregate Demand (AD) & Aggregate Supply (AS) 4. Investment 5. Consumption Function Relationship between income and
🔹 Definition Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual economic units such as consumers, firms, and industries.It focuses on how decisions are made regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the determination of prices of goods and services. 🔹 Main Objectives 🔹 Major Concepts 1. Demand 2. Elasticity of Demand Measures the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change
🌏 World Geography – Summary Notes 🟩 1. Introduction to World Geography 🟩 2. The Shape and Structure of the Earth 🟩 3. Latitudes and Longitudes 🟩 4. Motions of the Earth Motion Description Effect Rotation Earth spins on its axis (24 hrs) Day & night Revolution Earth orbits the Sun (365¼ days) Seasons 🟩 5. Landforms of the Earth Formed
🌏 Indian Geography – Summary Notes 🟩 1. Introduction to Indian Geography 🟩 2. India’s Location and Boundaries Neighbouring Countries (9):Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka (sea), Maldives (sea). 🟩 3. Physical Divisions of India India can be divided into six major physical divisions: 1️⃣ The Northern Mountains (Himalayas) Importance: Source of rivers, climatic barrier, tourist attraction, natural defense.
🟩 1. Introduction to World Politics 🟩 2. Key Concepts in World Politics Concept Meaning Nation-State A country with its own government and territory (e.g., India, France) Sovereignty Freedom of a state to govern itself Power Ability of a country to influence others Diplomacy Managing relations through negotiation Globalization Interconnection of world economies, culture, and politics 🟩 3.
🟩 1. Introduction to Indian Politics 🟩 2. Features of Indian Constitution 🟩 3. Structure of Government 🔹 Union Government Divided into three organs: 🔹 State Government 🟩 4. The Three Wings of Government ⚖️ (1) Legislature 🏛️ (2) Executive ⚖️ (3) Judiciary 🟩 5. Political System 🟩 6. Major Political Parties 🔹 National Parties 🔹 Regional Parties 🟩 7. Election System in India 🟩 8. Fundamental Rights (Part III of
🟩 Chapter 3: Control Statements (Decision Making & Looping) 🔹 1. What Are Control Statements? They control the flow of execution of a program. Types: 🔹 2. Decision-Making Statements A. if Statement B. if–else C. if–else if–else Ladder D. Nested if E. switch Statement 🔹 3. Looping Statements A. for Loop B. while Loop C. do–while Loop D. Nested Loop 🔹 4. Jump Statements Example:
🟩 Chapter 2: Data Types, Variables, and Operators 🔹 1. Tokens in C++ Smallest building blocks: 🔹 2. Data Types Type Keyword Example Integer int 10 Floating float 3.14 Double double 9.81 Character char ‘A’ Boolean bool true / false Void void — 🔹 3. Variables Used to store data temporarily.Syntax: Rules: 🔹 4. Constants Values that cannot be changed: 🔹 5.
